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Phenol red (also known as phenolsulfonphthalein or PSP) is a pH indicator frequently used in cell biology laboratories.
A solution of phenol red is used as a pH indicator, often in cell culture. Its color exhibits a gradual transition from yellow (Lambda max = 443 nm) to red (λmax = 570 nm) over the pH range 6.8 to 8.2. Above pH 8.2, phenol red turns a bright pink (fuchsia) color. Merck Index, 13th ed., 7329 PhenolsulfonphthaleinBeilstein 5-19-03-00457
In form, and in solution under very acidic conditions (low pH), the compound exists as a zwitterion as in the structure shown above, with the sulfate group negatively charged, and the ketone group carrying an additional proton. This form is sometimes symbolically written as and is orange-red. If the pH is increased (p Ka = 1.2), the proton from the ketone group is lost, resulting in the yellow, negatively charged ion denoted as HPS−. At still higher pH (p Ka = 7.7), the phenol's hydroxy group loses its proton, resulting in the red ion denoted as PS2−.
In several sources, the structure of phenol red is shown with the sulfur atom being part of a cyclic group, similar to the structure of phenolphthalein. However, this cyclic structure could not be confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Several indicators share a similar structure to phenol red, including bromothymol blue, thymol blue, bromocresol purple, thymolphthalein, and phenolphthalein. (A table of other common chemical indicators is available in the article on pH indicators.)
The test is based on the fact that phenol red is excreted almost entirely in the urine. Phenol red solution is administered ; the urine produced is collected. By measuring the amount of phenol red excreted colorimetry, kidney function can be determined.
In the event of problems, waste products produced by dying cells or overgrowth of contaminants will cause a change in pH, leading to a change in indicator color. For example, a culture of relatively slowly dividing cells can be quickly overgrown by contamination. This usually results in an of the medium, turning it yellow. Many find this a convenient way to rapidly check on the health of tissue cultures. In addition, the waste products produced by the mammalian cells themselves will slowly decrease the pH, gradually turning the solution orange and then yellow. This color change is an indication that even in the absence of contamination, the medium needs to be replaced (generally, this should be done before the medium has turned completely orange).
Since the color of phenol red can interfere with some spectrophotometric and fluorimetry assays, many types of tissue culture media are also available without phenol red.
Chlorine can result in the bleaching of the dye in the absence of thiosulfate to inhibit the oxidizing chlorine. High levels of bromine can convert phenol red to bromophenol red (dibromophenolsulfonephthalein, whose lowered p Ka results in an indicator with a range shifted in the acidic direction – water at pH 6.8 will appear to test at 7.5). Even higher levels of bromine (>20 ppm) can result in the secondary conversion of bromophenol red to bromophenol blue with an even lower p Ka, erroneously giving the impression that the water has an extremely high pH despite being dangerously low. Effect of Bromine on Phenol Red in pH Tests
Uses
Phenolsulfonphthalein test
Phenol red was used by Leonard Rowntree and John Geraghty in the phenolsulfonphthalein test to estimate the overall blood flow through the kidney in 1911. It was the first test of kidney function and was used for almost a century but is now obsolete.
Indicator for cell cultures
Most living tissues prosper at a near-neutral pH—that is, a pH close to 7. The pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, for instance. When cells are grown in tissue culture, the medium in which they grow is held close to this physiological pH. A small amount of phenol red added to this growth medium will have a pink-red color under normal conditions. Typically, 15 mg/L are used for cell culture.
Estrogen mimic
Phenol red is a weak estrogen mimic, and in cell cultures can enhance the growth of cells that express the estrogen receptor. It has been used to induce ovaries epithelial cells from post-menopausal women to differentiate into cells with properties of (eggs), with potential implications for both fertility treatment and stem cell research.
Use in swimming pool test kits
Phenol red, sometimes labelled with a different name, such as "Guardex Solution #2", is used as a pH indicator in home swimming pool test kits. Guardex Solution 2 – Phenol Red Material Safety Data Sheet
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